Understanding the physiology and psychology behind dental fear and relations to dental pain will help dental patients manage their fear  more efficaciously, and ultimately redusing the effect of pain to the maximum possible. What is dental fear? Fearful dental patients ...

Teeth whitening or teeth bleaching is a very common dental treatment procedure, and it  has been part of the dental profession for more then 100 years. We haven't seen such an interest in teeth bleaching as today. This "need" ...

Bacteria are the number one factor in periodontal destruction that is caused by different kinds of pathogens that grow in the oral cavity. Although these bacteria are needed to start a periodontal disease they are not the only factor that ...

Smoking is one of the most important factors in causing periodontal disease. Researches have shown that tobacco users are characterized of loss periodontal attachment, bone destruction, greater periodontal pockets, increased rate of calculus formation and if these conditions are not ...

Types of tooth stains Extrinsic stain Green stain- It's a green appearance stain that is mostly seen in people that have enamel irregularities on the surface of their teeth (especially children where the enamel layer is not matured yet). ...

Oral manifestations in MS patients There are three oral manifestations that should be of interest to the dental hygienist. Trigeminal Neuralgia After the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis trigeminal neuralgia usually appears. Clients who have trigeminal neuralgia will experience "lightning-like pain" through their face when brushing or simply applying makeup. ...

Pharmacological effects of MS drugs Just a couple years ago there were no medication available to completely cure multiple sclerosis (MS). There were just  medications and different therapies to keep MS severity relatively under control. But what is happening today? Today ...

Multiple Sclerosis - History and Symptoms History of MS The first who described the clinical and pathological features of MS was: Jean Martin Charcot. Jean-Martin Charcot was born in Paris, France, in late 1825; he is called by some the founder of ...

Nitrous oxide hazards and pharmacologic effects Hazards for the Patient 1.      If enclosed space-contraindicated such as pneumothorax. 2.      Upper Respiratory tract infection. 3.      Respective depression where respiration is on CO2 drive, as O2 increase will diminish this drive e.g. bleomycin therapy-pulmonary fibrosis. 4.      Pregnancy as spontaneous abortions may occur. ( in general ...

Nitrous oxide-O2 mixture for conscious sedation Indication and benefits: It can be used for mild to moderate levels of anxiety. Analgesia for brief, comfortable procedures. Rapid onset and early elimination and recovery. The duration of action can be easily controlled. Limitation and risks Agent has week potency. It can be used to ...